South Australia: Return to Work Act 2014 (SA)

South Australia Return to Work Act 2014 An Act to provide for the recovery, return to work and support of workers in relation to work injuries; to repeal the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1986; and for other purposes. Contents Part 1—Preliminary 1 Short title 3 Objects of Act 4 Interpretation 5 Average weekly earnings 6 Act to bind Crown Part 2—Key principles, concepts and requirements Division 1—Connection with employment 7 Injury must arise from employment 8 Effect of misconduct etc 9 Evidentiary provision Division 2—Connection with State 10 Territorial application of Act 11 Determination of State with which worker's employment is connected in proceedings under this Act 12 Recognition of previous determinations Division 3—Fundamental principles, rights and obligations 13 The Corporation 14 Service standards 15 Workers 16 Worker's duty to give notice of injury 17 Employers 17A Employer and Corporation not to be present at examination or treatment of worker without consent 18 Employer's duty to provide work 19 Payment of wages for alternative or modified duties 19A Jurisdiction to determine monetary claims 20 Additional requirement with respect to termination of employment Division 4—Seriously injured workers 21 Seriously injured workers Division 5—Assessment of permanent impairment 22 Assessment of permanent impairment Part 3—Early intervention, recovery and return to work 23 Object 24 Early intervention, recovery and return to work services 25 Recovery/return to work plans 26 Return to work co-ordinators 27 Standards and facilities established by Corporation 28 Rates for provision of services 29 Related initiatives Part 4—Financial benefits Division 1—Claims 30 Claims 31 Determination of claim 32 Payment of interim benefits Division 2—Medical expenses etc 33 Medical expenses 34 Transportation for initial treatment Division 3—Property damage 35 Property damage Division 4—Income support Subdivision 1—Preliminary 36 Capacity to perform work 37 Prescribed benefits 38 Prescribed allowances Subdivision 2—Entitlement to weekly payments 39 Weekly payments over designated periods for workers other than seriously injured workers 40 Supplementary income support for incapacity resulting from surgery 41 Weekly payments for seriously injured workers 42 Federal minimum wage safety net 43 Return to work obligations of worker 44 Termination of weekly payments on retiring age Subdivision 3—Adjustment of weekly payments 45 Adjustments due to change from original arrangements 46 Review of weekly payments 47 Economic adjustments to weekly payments for seriously injured workers Subdivision 4—Reduction or discontinuance of weekly payments 48 Reduction or discontinuance of weekly payments Subdivision 5—Related matters 49 Protection from excess payments 50 Weekly payments and leave entitlements 51 Absence of worker from Australia 52 Reports of return to work etc Division 5—Redemptions 53 Redemptions—liabilities associated with weekly payments 54 Redemptions—liabilities associated with medical services Division 6—Permanent impairment—economic loss 55 Preliminary 56 Lump sum payments—economic loss 56A Seriously injured worker—election to receive lump sum payment Division 7—Permanent impairment—non‑economic loss 57 Prescribed sum 58 Lump sum payments—non‑economic loss Division 8—Payments on death 59 Weekly payments 60 Review of weekly payments 61 Lump sums 62 Funeral benefits 63 Counselling services Division 9—Rules as to liability 64 Incidence of liability 65 Augmentation of weekly payment in consequence of delay Division 10—Related matters 66 Rights of action and recovery against third parties 67 Prohibition of double recovery 68 Injuries arising from employment on ships 69 Sporting injuries Part 5—Common law Division 1—Preliminary 70 Preliminary 71 Application of Part in relation to damages and scope and limitation of liability 72 No damages unless relevant whole person impairment thresholds met 73 Seriously injured workers—special provisions 74 General regulation of court awards Division 2—General principles 75 Effect of recovery of damages on compensation 76 Retirement age 77 Mitigation of damages 78 Payment of interest—limited statutory entitlement 79 Contributory negligence 80 Defence of voluntary assumption of risk 81 Exemplary or punitive damages 82 Court to apportion damages etc 83 Abolition of doctrine of common employment 84 No damages for nervous shock injury to non‑workers Division 3—Procedural matters and costs 85 Compulsory mediation 86 Costs Division 4—Choice of law 87 The applicable substantive law for work injury claims 88 Claims to which Division applies 89 What constitutes injury and employment 90 Claim in respect of death included 91 Meaning of substantive law 92 Availability of action in another State not relevant Division 5—Related matters 93 Ability of Corporation to conduct and settle proceedings 94 Interaction with Civil Liability Act 1936 Part 6—Dispute resolution Division 1—Preliminary 95 Specific object 96 Interpretation 97 Reviewable decisions Division 2—Conferral of jurisdiction 98 Conferral of jurisdiction Division 3—Institution of proceedings 99 Application to Tribunal 100 Time for making application 101 Notice to be given by Registrar Division 4—Initial reconsideration 102 Initial reconsideration 103 Proceedings on application Division 5—Related matters—Tribunal proceedings 104 Conciliation conference 105 Representation 106 Costs 107 Costs liability of representatives 108 Recovery of costs of representation 109 Ministerial intervention 110 Power to amend or set aside decisions or orders 111 Regulations concerning medical evidence 112 Payment to child Part 7—Special jurisdiction to expedite decisions 113 Special jurisdiction 114 Timing of application 115 Powers of Tribunal on application 116 Costs Part 8—Independent medical advice Division 1—Interpretation 117 Interpretation Division 2—Appointment of independent medical advisers 118 Appointment of independent medical advisers 119 Independent medical advisers 120 Related appointment provisions Division 3—Referrals 121 Referral by Tribunal or court 122 Powers and procedures on a referral Division 4—Related matters 123 Provision of report 124 Competency to give evidence 125 Further referrals 126 Staff and facilities 127 Recovery of costs Part 9—Registration and funding Division 1—Registration of employers 128 Registration of employers 129 Self-insured employers 130 Crown and certain agencies to be self-insured employers 131 Applications for registration 132 Changes in details for registration 133 Ministerial appeal on decisions relating to self-insured employers Division 2—Delegation to self-insured employers 134 Delegation to self-insured employers Division 3—Compensation Fund 135 Compensation Fund Division 4—Premiums Subdivision 1—Preliminary 136 Interpretation 137 Average premium rate Subdivision 2—Premiums (terms and conditions) 138 Premiums (terms and conditions) Subdivision 3—Premiums (general principles) 139 Liability to pay premiums 140 Employer categories 141 Classes of industry 142 Industry rates and base premiums Subdivision 4—Premiums (calculation and application) 143 Premium orders 144 Premium stages 145 Grouping provisions Division 5—Self-insured employers—fees 146 Self-insured employers—fees Division 6—Remissions and supplementary payments 147 Remissions and supplementary payments Division 7—Administration of premiums/fees scheme 148 Interpretation 149 Provision of information (initial calculations) 150 Provision of information (on‑going requirements) 151 Revised estimates or determinations 152 Further adjustments 153 Deferred payment 154 Recovery on default 155 Penalty for late payment 156 Exercise of adjustment powers 157 Review 158 Payments to be made to Corporation 159 GST 160 Transfer of business 161 Reasonable mistake about application of Act Division 8—Miscellaneous 162 Separate accounts 163 Liability to keep accounts 164 Person ceasing to be an employer 165 Certificate of registration 166 Insurance of registered employers against other liabilities 167 Corporation as insurer of last resort Part 10—Scheme adjustment mechanisms 168 Preliminary 169 Scheme adjustment/review events 170 Scheme funding/review events Part 11—The Minister's Advisory Committee 171 Advisory Committee 172 Functions of Advisory Committee 173 Proceedings etc of Advisory Committee 174 Related provisions Part 12—Miscellaneous 175 Extension of the application of Act to self-employed persons 176 Agreements with LSS Authority 177 Payment not to constitute an admission of liability 178 Employer may request progress report 179 Copies of medical reports 180 Worker's right of access to claims file 181 Medical examination at request of employer 182 Worker to be supplied with copy of medical report 183 Powers of entry and inspection 184 Inspection of place of employment by recovery or return to work adviser 185 Confidentiality to be maintained 186 Confidentiality—employers 187 Employer information 188 Injuries that develop gradually 189 Certain payments not to affect benefits under this Act 190 No contribution from workers 191 No contracting out 192 Non-assignability of benefits 193 Payments if worker in prison 194 Service of documents 195 Service of documents on Corporation 196 Dishonesty 197 Evidence 198 Offences 199 Expiation fees 200 Right of intervention 201 Recovery of payments 202 Regulations 203 Review of Act Schedule 1—Presumptive employment 1 Presumptive employment Schedule 2—Injuries presumed to arise from general employment Schedule 3—Injuries presumed to arise from employment as a firefighter 1 Substantive provisions Schedule 4—Adjacent areas 1 Interpretation 2 Adjacent areas Schedule 5—Statement of service standards Part 1—Introduction 1 Aim of these standards 2 Interpretation 3 Spirit of these standards Part 2—The standards 4 The standards Part 3—Complaints about breaches of these standards 5 Overview 6 Procedures for the Corporation to deal with a complaint 7 Remedies Part 4—Wider issues 8 Wider issues Schedule 6—Age factor Schedule 7—Prescribed sum—economic loss Schedule 8—Minimum amounts of compensation according to degree of impairment under regulations Schedule 9—Repeal and transitional provisions Part 1—Preliminary 1 Amendment provisions Part 2—Repeal 2 Repeal Part 10—Transitional provisions Division 1—Interpretation 27 Interpretation Division 2—CPI adjustment 28 CPI adjustment Division 3—Application of Act 29 General provision 30 Connection with employment 31 Notice of injury 32 Employer's duty to provide work 33 Recovery and return to work 34 Seriously injured workers 35 Medical expenses 36 Provisional liability for medical expenses 37 Weekly payments for workers 38 Federal minimum wage safety net 39 Management of transitional arrangements for income support 40 Retirement age 41 Discontinuance of weekly payments 42 Redemptions 43 Loss of future earning capacity 44 Permanent impairment assessment 45 Payments on death—lump sums 46 Incidence of liability 47 Payments by employers 48 Provisional payments Division 4—Common law 49 Common law Division 5—Dispute resolution 50 Existing proceedings etc 51 Adoption of WCT decisions 52 Dissolution of WCT Division 6—Registration and funding 53 Continuation of registration 54 Premiums and payments 55 Scheme reviews Division 7—Medical Panels 56 Medical Panels Division 8—WorkCover Ombudsman 57 WorkCover Ombudsman Division 9—1971/1986 Acts 58 Interpretation 59 Application of 1971 Act 60 Mining and Quarrying Industries Fund 61 Statutory Reserve Fund 62 Insurance Assistance Fund 63 Management of funds 64 Entitlement to documents 65 Loss of earning capacity—capital loss assessments Division 10—Work health and safety administration costs 66 Work health and safety administration costs Division 11—Renewal of authorised contracts 67 Renewal of authorised contracts Division 12—Review of provisions relating to firefighters 68 Review Division 13—Regulations 69 Additional transitional provisions—regulations Legislative history The Parliament of South Australia enacts as follows: Part 1—Preliminary 1—Short title This Act may be cited as the Return to Work Act 2014. 3—Objects of Act (1) The object of this Act is to establish a scheme that supports workers who suffer injuries at work and that has as its primary objective to provide early intervention in respect of claims so as to ensure that action is taken to support workers— (a) in realising the health benefits of work; and (b) in recovering from injury; and (c) in returning to work (including, if required, after retraining); and (d) in being restored to the community when return to work is not possible. (2) In connection with subsection (1), the other objectives that apply with respect to this Act are— (a) to ensure that workers who suffer injuries at work receive high‑quality service, are treated with dignity, and are supported financially; and (b) to ensure that employers' costs are contained within reasonable limits so that the impact of work injuries on South Australian businesses is minimised; and (c) to provide a reasonable balance between the interests of workers and the interests of employers; and (d) to reduce the overall social and economic cost of work injuries to the State and to the community; and (e) to support activities that are aimed at reducing the incidence of work injuries; and (f) to reduce disputation when workers are injured at work by improving the quality of decision-making and by reducing adversarial contests to the greatest possible extent. (3) A person exercising judicial, quasi‑judicial or administrative powers must interpret this Act in the light of its objects and these objectives without bias towards the interests of employers on the one hand, or workers on the other. (4) The Corporation, the worker and the employer from whose employment a work injury arises must seek to achieve an injured worker's return to work (taking into account the objects and requirements of this Act). 4—Interpretation (1) In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears— actuary means a Fellow or Accredited Member of the Institute of Actuaries of Australia; Advisory Committee means the committee established under Part 11; apprentice includes— (a) a trainee within the meaning of the South Australian Skills Act 2008; and (b) a person undertaking training in a scheme approved by the Corporation for the purposes of this definition, and apprenticeship has a corresponding meaning; authorised officer means a person who is authorised by the Corporation to exercise the powers of an authorised officer under this Act; average premium rate means the average rate for all premiums declared under Part 9 Division 4 in relation to a particular financial year when viewed as a percentage of remuneration expected by the Corporation to be paid by all employers (other than self‑insured employers) during that financial year; average weekly earnings, in relation to a worker, means the worker's average weekly earnings determined in accordance with section 5; the board means the board of management of the Corporation; business day means any day except Saturday, Sunday or a public holiday; child, in relation to a deceased worker, includes a person in relation to whom the worker stood, at the date of death, in loco parentis; close personal relationship means the relationship between 2 adult persons (whether or not related by family and irrespective of their gender) who live together as a couple on a genuine domestic basis, but does not include— (a) the relationship between a legally married couple; or (b) a relationship where 1 of the persons provides the other with domestic support or personal care (or both) for fee or reward, or on behalf of some other person or an organisation of whatever kind; Note— Two persons may live together as a couple on a genuine domestic basis whether or not a sexual relationship exists, or has ever existed, between them. compensation means any monetary benefit payable under this Act (other than under Part 5); consequential mental harm means mental harm that is a consequence of bodily injury to the person suffering the mental harm; Consumer Price Index or CPI means the Consumer Price Index (All groups index for Adelaide) published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics; contract of service means— (a) a contract under which 1 person (the worker) is employed by another (the employer); or (b) a contract, arrangement or understanding under which 1 person (the worker) works for another in prescribed work or work of a prescribed class; or (c) a contract of apprenticeship; or (d) a contract, arrangement or understanding under which a person (the worker)— (i) receives on-the-job training in a trade or vocation from another (the employer); and (ii) is during the period of that training remunerated by the employer; Corporation means the Return to Work Corporation of South Australia; corresponding law means a law— (a) of the Commonwealth; or (b) of a State (other than this State) or a Territory of the Commonwealth; or (c) of another country, that corresponds to this Act or that is prescribed by the regulations for the purposes of this definition; current work capacity—see section 36; damages means damages for injury or loss sustained by a worker in circumstances creating, independently of this Act, a legal liability in the worker's employer (or a person who is vicariously liable for the acts of the worker's employer), or another person, to pay damages to or in relation to— (a) the worker; or (b) if the injury results in the worker's death—a dependant of the deceased worker, but does not include— (c) a sum required or authorised to be paid under an award or industrial agreement; or (d) a sum payable under a superannuation scheme or any life or other insurance policy; or (e) any amount paid in respect of costs incurred in connection with legal proceedings; or (f) damages of a class excluded from the ambit of this definition by the regulations; dependant, in relation to a deceased worker, means a relative of the worker who, at the time of the worker's death— (a) was wholly or partially dependent for the ordinary necessities of life on earnings of the worker; or (b) would, but for the worker's injury, have been so dependent, and includes a posthumous child of the worker; and dependent has a corresponding meaning; designated weekly earnings means designated weekly earnings determined under section 39; disease includes— (a) any physical or mental ailment, disorder, defect or morbid condition, whether of sudden or gradual development; and (b) any injury to which section 9 applies; domestic partner—a person is the domestic partner of a worker if the person lives with the worker in a close personal relationship and— (a) the person— (i) has been so living with the worker continuously for the preceding period of 3 years; or (ii) has during the preceding period of 4 years so lived with the worker for periods aggregating not less than 3 years; or (iii) has been living with the worker for a substantial part of a period referred to in subparagraph (i) or (ii) and the Corporation considers that it is fair and reasonable that the person be regarded as the domestic partner of the worker for the purposes of this Act; or (b) a child, of whom the worker and the person are the parents, has been born (whether or not the child is still living); educational institution means— (a) a secondary school; or (b) a trade or technical school; or (c) a college of advanced education, university or other institution at which tertiary education is provided; or (d) any other educational or training institution approved by the Corporation for the purposes of this definition; employer means— (a) a person by whom a worker is employed under a contract of service, or for whom work is done by a worker under a contract of service (subject to any exclusion under subsection (7)); (b) in relation to persons of whom the Crown is, under Schedule 1, the presumptive employer—the Crown; (c) in relation to persons of whom any other person is, by virtue of a provision of this Act, the presumptive employer—that other person, and includes a former employer and the legal personal representative of a deceased employer; employment includes— (a) work done under a contract of service; and (b) the work of a self-employed person to whom the Corporation has extended the protection of this Act; and (c) the work of persons of whom the Crown is, under Schedule 1, the presumptive employer; and (d) attendance by a worker at a place of pick-up; evidentiary material means any document, object or substance of evidentiary value that is relevant to proceedings before the Tribunal and includes any document, object or substance that should, in the opinion of the Tribunal, be produced for the purpose of enabling the Tribunal to determine whether or not it has evidentiary value; Federal minimum wage—see subsection (8); foreign law means any law except a law of this State; health practitioner means— (a) a person who is registered under the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law (other than as a student) and is— (i) a medical practitioner; or (ii) a dentist; or (iii) a psychologist; or (iv) an optician; or (v) a physiotherapist; or (vi) a chiropractor; or (vii) a podiatrist; or (viii) an occupational therapist; or (ix) an osteopath; or (b) a speech pathologist who is registered by The Speech Pathology Association of Australia Limited; or (c) a person of a class prescribed by the regulations for the purposes of this definition; Impairment Assessment Guidelines means the guidelines published under section 22; independent medical adviser means an independent medical adviser appointed under Part 8; industrial association means— (a) an association registered under the Fair Work Act 1994; or (b) an organisation registered under the Fair Work (Registered Organisations) Act 2009 of the Commonwealth; or (c) the United Trades and Labor Council (trading as SA Unions); or (d) the Australian Mines and Metals Association; or (e) Self Insurers of South Australia Inc; or (f) South Australian Employers' Chamber of Commerce and Industry Inc (trading as Business SA); or (g) an association, society or body formed to represent, protect or further the interests of employers or employees; industry includes any business or activity in which workers are employed; injured worker—an injured worker is any worker who has suffered an injury (or, where the context admits, has died); injury, in relation to a worker, means— (a) any physical or mental injury including— (i) loss, deterioration or impairment of a limb, organ or part of the body, or of a physical, mental or sensory faculty; or (ii) a disease; or (iii) disfigurement; or (b) where the context admits—the death of the worker, and includes an injury that is, or results from, the aggravation, acceleration, exacerbation, deterioration or recurrence of a prior injury; legal personal representative—see subsection (13); local government corporation means— (a) a council under the Local Government Act 1999; or (b) the Local Government Association of South Australia; or (c) any other body— (i) established for local government purposes; and (ii) prescribed for the purposes of this definition; medical practitioner means a person registered under the Health Practitioner Regulation National Law to practice in the medical profession (other than as a student); medical services means— (a) attendance, examination or treatment by a health practitioner (including the obtaining of a certificate or report); or (b) any diagnostic examination or test required for the purposes of treatment by a health practitioner; or (c) any services of a class prescribed for the purposes of this definition; mental harm means impairment of a person's mental condition; motor accident damages means— (a) damages to which Part 4 of the Motor Vehicles Act 1959 applies; or (b) damages to which the law of another State or a Territory of the Commonwealth that corresponds to Part 4 of the Motor Vehicles Act 1959 applies; no current work capacity—see section 36; non-economic loss means— (a) pain and suffering; (b) loss of amenities of life; (c) loss of expectation of life; (d) disfigurement; (e) any other loss or detriment of a non-economic nature; notional weekly earnings in relation to a worker means— (a) the worker's average weekly earnings; or (b) where an adjustment has been made under this Act to take account of changes in levels of earnings, the value of money or remuneration (including under section 45, 46 or 60) or other relevant factors (or 1 or more of these)—the worker's average weekly earnings as so adjusted but not so as to exceed in any case twice State average weekly earnings; officer of the Corporation includes an employee of the Corporation; orphan child means a child whose natural or adoptive parents are dead and includes a child, 1 of whose natural or adoptive parents is dead and who has no reasonable prospect of being supported by the surviving natural or adoptive parent; parent, in relation to a deceased worker, includes a person who stood in loco parentis to the worker at the time of the worker's death; permanent impairment compensation means compensation for permanent impairment under Part 4 Division 6 or Division 7; permanent impairment matter means any of the following: (a) whether an impairment suffered by a worker is permanent; (b) the extent to which a permanent impairment suffered by a worker is capable of being accurately assessed; (c) the extent to which a permanent impairment suffered by a worker is attributable to a previous injury or a pre‑existing condition; (d) the degree of whole person impairment suffered by a worker; physical injury means an injury other than a psychiatric injury; place of employment means a place where a worker is required to carry out duties of employment and, if the place is a building, includes land within the external boundaries of the land on which the building is situated; premises means— (a) a building, structure or place (including an aircraft, ship or vehicle); or (b) a part of premises; prescribed allowance, in relation to the earnings of a worker, means any amount received by the worker from an employer by way of an allowance or benefit prescribed for the purposes of this definition; President means the President of the Tribunal; presidential member means a presidential member of the Tribunal; psychiatric injury means pure mental harm; pure mental harm means mental harm other than consequential mental harm; recognised health practitioner means— (a) a medical practitioner; or (b) in relation to injuries of a particular kind—a health practitioner who is recognised by the Corporation (in a manner determined by the Corporation) as having specialised knowledge of, and experience in the treatment of, injuries of that kind; recovery/return to work plan—see section 25; recovery/return to work services—see section 24; Registrar means the Registrar of the Tribunal; relative, in relation to a deceased worker, means a spouse, domestic partner, parent, grandparent, step-parent, child, grandchild, stepchild, brother, sister, stepbrother, stepsister, half-brother or half-sister of the worker; repealed Act means the Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1986 repealed by this Act; residence in relation to a worker includes a place— (a) at which the worker resides in accordance with the terms of the worker's employment or at the request of the employer; or (b) at which it is necessary or convenient for the worker to reside temporarily for the purposes of employment; reviewable decision means a decision that is reviewable under section 97; RTWSA premium order means a RTWSA premium order published under Part 9 Division 4 Subdivision 4; RTWSA premium provisions means the RTWSA premium provisions published under Part 9 Division 4 Subdivision 2; SACFS means the South Australian Country Fire Service; SAMFS means the South Australian Metropolitan Fire Service; self-employed worker means a person to whom the Corporation has extended the protection of this Act pursuant to section 175; self-insured employer means an employer who is registered by the Corporation as a self‑insured employer under Part 9 Division 1; seriously injured worker—see Part 2 Division 4; ship includes a boat, vessel or craft; South Australian ship means a ship— (a) that is registered in the State; or (b) that is owned or under charter by the Crown; or (c) that is owned or under charter by a body corporate or other person— (i) whose principal office or place of business is in the State; or (ii) whose principal office or place of business with respect to the control or management of the ship is in the State; spouse—a person is the spouse of another if they are legally married; the State includes the territorial waters of the State; suitable employment, in relation to a worker, means employment in work for which the worker is currently suited, whether or not the work is available, having regard to the following: (a) the nature of the worker's incapacity and previous employment; (b) the worker's age, education, skills and work experience; (c) the worker's place of residence; (d) medical information relating to the worker that is reasonably available, including in any medical certificate or report; (e) if any recovery/return to work services are being provided to or for the worker; (f) the worker's recovery/return to work plan, if any; Supreme Court means the Supreme Court of South Australia; therapeutic appliance means— (a) spectacles or contact lenses; or (b) a hearing aid; or (c) false teeth; or (d) a prosthesis; or (e) a crutch or wheelchair; or (f) any other appliance or aid for reducing the extent of an injury or enabling a person to overcome in whole or part the effects of an injury; trauma means an event, or series of events, out of which a work injury arises; Tribunal means the South Australian Employment Tribunal established under the South Australian Employment Tribunal Act 2014; unrepresentative injury means an injury arising from an attendance mentioned in section 7(5) or a journey mentioned in section 7(8)(b); week means any period of 7 consecutive days; work injury means an injury that arises from employment under section 7; worker means— (a) a person by whom work is done under a contract of service (whether or not as an employee); (b) a person who is a worker by virtue of Schedule 1; (c) a self-employed worker, and includes a former worker and the legal personal representative of a deceased worker; working day in relation to a worker means a day on which the worker works or would, if not incapacitated for work, be normally required to work in the course of employment. (2) A member of the crew of a fishing boat who is remunerated by a share in profits or gross receipts obtained by working the boat is not a worker for the purposes of this Act. (3) If a worker has no fixed place of employment, the worker's place of employment on a particular working day is the place at which, or the area in which, the worker works or is required to work on that working day. (4) Where in a prescribed industry or in prescribed circumstances a person (the principal) contracts with another person (the contractor) for the performance by the contractor of work undertaken by the principal, the principal will, for the purposes of this Act, be taken to be the employer of workers employed by the contractor. (5) The regulations may exclude (either absolutely or subject to limitations or conditions stated in the regulations) specified classes of workers wholly or partially from the application of this Act. (6) A regulation under subsection (5) may only be made after consultation with the Advisory Committee. (7) The regulations may, in prescribing work or work of a specified class for the purposes of paragraph (b) of the definition of contract of service in subsection (1)— (a) designate a person, or persons of a specified class, as the presumptive employer of a worker who is within the ambit of the relevant prescription; (b) exclude a person who would otherwise be the employer of such a worker from the definition of employer in subsection (1). (8) For the purposes of this Act, a reference to the Federal minimum wage is a reference to a wage applying under a national minimum wage order under Part 2-6 of the Fair Work Act 2009 of the Commonwealth prescribed by the regulations under this subsection. (9) For the purposes of this Act, a reference to State average weekly earnings is a reference to the amount last published before the relevant day by the Australian Bureau of Statistics as an estimate of Average Weekly Earnings for Ordinary Hours of Work for each Full‑time Employed Adult Male Unit in this State. (10) For the purposes of this Act— (a) total incapacity for work is the incapacity for work that is represented by a worker having no current work capacity within the meaning of this Act; and (b) partial incapacity for work is the incapacity for work that is represented by a worker having a current work capacity within the meaning of this Act. (11) For the purposes of this Act, the date on which an incapacity for work first occurs will be taken to be the first day in respect of which the worker has an entitlement to a payment under Part 4 Division 4 Subdivision 2 on account of that incapacity. (12) Any period under this Act that relates to a specified number of weeks from the date on which an incapacity for work first occurs will be taken to include (for the purposes of calculating that period) any time when the relevant worker was not in fact incapacitated for work. (13) For the purposes of this Act, a person is the legal personal representative of a deceased worker if the person is— (a) a person who is entitled at law to administer the estate of the deceased worker; or (b) a person who is authorised by the Tribunal (on application made under this subsection) to act under this Act as a legal personal representative of the deceased worker. (14) For the purposes of this Act, 2 or more workplaces in close proximity may, if the Corporation so determines, be regarded as a single workplace. (15) A reference in a provision of this Act to a designated form is a reference to a form designated for the purposes of that provision by the Corporation from time to time by notice in the Gazette (and for the purposes of this Act the Corporation may specify information that may be provided in a specified form, not being in the nature of a written or printed form, which will satisfy a requirement as to the provision of information in a designated form). (16) A reference in a provision of this Act to a designated manner is a reference to a manner designated for the purposes of that provision by the Corporation from time to time by notice in the Gazette. (17) If a sum of money fixed by this Act is followed by the word "(indexed)", that signifies that the amount is to be adjusted as at 1 January in each year so that the adjusted sum bears to the sum fixed by Parliament the same proportion as the Consumer Price Index for the September quarter of the immediately preceding year bears to the Consumer Price Index for the September quarter of the year immediately preceding the year in which the law fixing the sum took effect, with the amount so adjusted being rounded up under a scheme prescribed by the regulations. (18) For the purposes of this Act, a work injury has stabilised if the worker's condition is unlikely to change substantially in the next 12 months with or without medical treatment (regardless of any temporary fluctuations in the condition that might occur). (19) For the purposes of this Act, a terminal condition is a work injury that— (a) is incurable; and (b) will, in the opinion of a medical practitioner, cause death. (20) The regulations may provide that a medical practitioner is not able to act under subsection (19)(b) unless the medical practitioner— (a) complies with any requirements prescribed by the regulations; or (b) holds qualifications prescribed by the regulations; or (c) satisfies any other criteria prescribed by the regulations. 5—Average weekly earnings (1) Subject to this section, the average weekly earnings of an injured worker is the average weekly amount that the worker earned during the period of 12 months preceding the relevant date in relevant employment. (2) For the purposes of subsection (1), relevant employment is constituted by— (a) employment with the employer from whose employment the injury arose; and (b) if the worker was, at the time of the occurrence of the injury, in the employment of 2 or more employers, employment with each such employer. (3) For the purposes of this section, any amount paid while a worker was on annual, sick or other leave will be taken to be earnings. (4) If during the period of 12 months before the relevant date the worker had changed the circumstances of his or her employment from working casually or seasonally to working in permanent employment (whether on a full‑time or part‑time basis) and the worker was in that permanent employment on the relevant date, the worker's average weekly earnings may be determined by reference to the average weekly amount that the worker earned during the period of that permanent employment rather than during the period of 12 months preceding the relevant date, unless to do so would disadvantage the worker. (5) If a worker voluntarily (otherwise than by reason of an incapacity resulting from a work injury)— (a) reduces the normal number of hours worked; or (b) alters the nature of the work performed with the result that a reduction occurs in the worker's weekly earnings, any period before the reduction or alteration takes effect will be disregarded for the purposes of determining average weekly earnings. (6) In addition, if by reason of the shortness of time during which the worker has been in employment, the terms of the worker's employment or for any other reason, it is not possible to arrive at a fair average, the worker's average weekly earnings may be determined by reference to the average weekly amount being earned by other persons in the same employment with the same employer who perform similar work at the same grade as the worker or, if there is no person so employed, by other persons in the same class of employment who perform similar work at the same grade as the worker. (7) If a worker is a contractor rather than an employee, the worker's average weekly earnings will be determined by reference to the rate of pay that the worker would have received if the worker had been working as an employee and, if there is an award or industrial agreement applicable to the class and grade of work in which the worker was engaged, the worker's average weekly earnings will be determined by reference to that award or industrial agreement. (8) If— (a) an employer is a body corporate; and (b) the worker is a director as well as an employee of the employer, the worker's average weekly earnings will be determined by reference to the remuneration (calculated on a weekly basis) last reported in a return from the employer to the Corporation under Part 9 Division 7 (unless the Corporation determines that there is good cause not to apply this subsection in the circumstances of the particular case). (9) If because of a work injury or the gradual onset of a work injury it appears that the level of earnings of an injured worker prior to the relevant date were affected by the injury, the average weekly earnings of the worker must be set at an amount that fairly represents the weekly amount that the worker would have been earning if the level of earnings had not been so affected. (10) The average weekly earnings of an injured worker who— (a) was not a full‑time worker immediately before the relevant date; and (b) immediately before the relevant date had been seeking full‑time employment; and (c) had been predominantly during the preceding 18 months a full‑time worker, will be taken to be the average weekly earnings of the worker while employed in full‑time employment during the period of 18 months preceding the relevant date. (11) If a worker who suffers a permanent incapacity (whether total or partial) is under the age of 21 years, the average weekly earnings of the worker must be determined by applying the rate of pay that would have been payable to the worker had the worker been 21 years old and if a worker who suffers a permanent incapacity (whether total or partial) is an apprentice, the average weekly earnings of the worker must be determined by applying the rate of pay that would have been payable to the worker had the worker completed the apprenticeship (and this determination may have effect (if not before) when it is determined that a worker has a permanent incapacity under a redetermination under section 31). (12) For the purposes of determining the average weekly earnings of a worker— (a) any component of the worker's earnings attributable to overtime will be disregarded if, at the relevant date, the worker had no reasonable expectation to work overtime within the foreseeable future because of a change in employment arrangements or work practices, or other relevant factors, announced, introduced or occurring on or before the relevant date, but otherwise payments attributable to overtime will be taken into account; and (b) to the extent that a worker has worked overtime that is to be taken into account, the component for overtime will be an amount calculated as follows: where C is the amount of the component A is the total of the amounts paid or payable to the worker for overtime during the period used to calculate the average weekly earnings of the worker under a preceding subsection (the relevant period) B is the number of weeks in the relevant period during which the worker worked or was on annual, sick or other paid leave. (13) For the purposes of determining the average weekly earnings of a worker— (a) any amount otherwise payable to the worker that has been the subject of a voluntary salary sacrifice for superannuation purposes by the worker will be taken into account as earnings; and (b) any non‑cash benefit of a prescribed class provided to the worker by an employer— (i) will be taken into account if the worker does not retain the benefit of the non‑cash benefit (and valued after taking into account any principles specified by this Act or prescribed by the regulations); and (ii) will not be taken into account if the worker retains the benefit of the non‑cash benefit. (14) Despite a preceding subsection, the following will be disregarded for the purposes of determining the average weekly earnings of a worker: (a) any contribution paid or payable by an employer to a superannuation scheme for the benefit of the worker; (b) any prescribed allowances. (15) Despite a preceding subsection— (a) if an injured worker's remuneration was, at the relevant date, covered by an award or industrial agreement, the worker's average weekly earnings will not be less than the weekly wage to which the worker was then entitled under the award or industrial agreement; and (b) if, but for this paragraph, the average weekly earnings of a worker (not being a self‑employed worker) would be less than the Federal minimum wage applying in relation to the worker (adjusted, in the case of a worker who was working at the relevant date on a part‑time basis, in accordance with the regulations so as to provide a pro‑rata amount), the average weekly earnings will be fixed at the Federal minimum wage (or, if relevant, the Federal minimum wage as so adjusted); and (c) the average weekly earnings of a worker will in no case be fixed at more than twice State average weekly earnings. (16) For the purposes of this section— (a) a reference to the relevant date is a reference to the date on which the relevant injury occurs; and (b) a reference to a worker who is working on a part‑time basis is a reference to a worker who, after taking into account the usual work patterns of workers in employment of the kind in which the worker is working at the relevant date, is not working the number of hours per week that can be taken to constitute full‑time employment. 6—Act to bind Crown This Act binds the Crown in right of the State and also, so far as the legislative power of the State extends, in all its other capacities. Part 2—Key principles, concepts and requirements Division 1—Connection with employment 7—Injury must arise from employment (1) This Act applies to an injury if (and only if) it arises from employment. (2) Subject to this section, an injury arises from employment if— (a) in the case of a physical injury—the injury arises out of or in the course of employment and the employment was a significant contributing cause of the injury; and (b) in the case of a psychiatric injury— (i) the psychiatric injury arises out of or in the course of employment and the employment was the significant contributing cause of the injury; and (ii) the injury did not arise wholly or predominantly from any action or decision designated under subsection (4). (3) In connection with the application of subsection (2) to an injury that is, or results from, the aggravation, acceleration, exacerbation, deterioration or recurrence of a prior injury (a prescribed event)— (a) in the case of an injury other than a psychiatric injury—employment must be a significant contributing cause of the prescribed event; and (b) in the case of a psychiatric injury— (i) employment must be the significant contributing cause of the prescribed event; and (ii) the prescribed event must not arise wholly or predominantly from any action or decision designated under subsection (4), and then the injury is only compensable to the extent of and for the duration of the relevant aggravation, acceleration, exacerbation, deterioration or recurrence. (4) The following are designated for the purposes of subsection (2)(b)(ii) and (3)(b)(ii): (a) reasonable action taken in a reasonable manner by the employer to transfer, demote, discipline, counsel, retrench or dismiss the worker or a decision of the employer not to renew or extend a contract of service; (b) a decision of the employer, based on reasonable grounds, not to award or provide a promotion, transfer or benefit in connection with the worker's employment; (c) reasonable administrative action taken in a reasonable manner by the employer in connection with the worker's employment; (d) reasonable action taken in a reasonable manner under this Act affecting the worker. (5) For the purposes of this Act, a worker's employment includes— (a) attendance at the worker's place of employment on a working day but before the day's work begins in order to prepare, or be ready, for work; and (b) attendance at the worker's place of employment during an authorised break from work; and (c) attendance at the worker's place of employment but after work ends for the day while the worker is preparing to leave, or in the process of leaving, the place; and (d) attendance at an educational institution under the terms of an apprenticeship or other legal obligation, or at the employer's request or with the employer's approval; and (e) attendance at a place to receive a medical service, to obtain a medical report or certificate (or to be examined for the purpose), to receive recovery/return to work services or for the purposes of a recovery/return to work plan, or to apply for, or receive, compensation for a work injury. (6) Any injury attributable to surgery or other treatment or service performed with due care and skill by a person professing to have particular skills and undertaken or provided while attending at a place referred to in subsection (5)(e) will be taken to constitute part of the original work injury. (7) An injury does not arise from employment if it arises out of or in the course of the worker's involvement in a social or sporting activity, except where the activity forms part of the worker's employment or is undertaken at the direction or request of the employer. (8) An injury that arises out of or in the course of a journey arises from employment if (and only if)— (a) the journey is undertaken in the course of carrying out duties of employment; or (b) the journey is between— (i) the worker's place of residence and place of employment; or (ii) the worker's place of residence or place of employment and— (A) an educational institution the worker attends under the terms of an apprenticeship or other legal obligation, or at the employer's request or with the employer's approval; or (B) a place the worker attends to receive a medical service, to obtain a medical report or certificate (or to be examined for that purpose), to receive recovery/return to work services or for the purposes of a recovery/return to work plan, or to apply for, or receive, compensation for a compensable injury, and there is a real and substantial connection between the employment and the journey being undertaken at the time of the accident out of which the injury arises. (9) However, the fact that a worker has an accident in the course of a journey to or from work does not in itself establish a sufficient connection between the accident and the employment for the purposes of subsection (8)(b). (10) The journey between places mentioned in subsection (8)(b) must be a journey by a reasonably direct route but may include an interruption or deviation if it is not, in the circumstances of the case, substantial, and does not materially increase the risk of injury to the worker. (11) If— (a) a worker's injury consists of the aggravation, acceleration, exacerbation, deterioration or recurrence of a pre-existing coronary heart disease; and (b) the injury arises in the course of employment, it will be presumed, in the absence of proof to the contrary, that the employment was a significant contributing cause of the injury. 8—Effect of misconduct etc (1) A worker who is acting in connection with, and for the purposes of, the employer's trade or business is presumed to be acting within his or her employment despite the fact that— (a) the worker is acting in contravention of a statutory or other regulation applicable to the employment; or (b) the worker is acting without, or in contravention of, instructions from the employer. (2) However, a worker will not be entitled to receive any services or benefits under this Act in relation to an injury if— (a) the worker is guilty of misconduct or acts in contravention of instructions from the employer during the course of an attendance under section 7(5); or (b) it is established on the balance of probabilities that the injury is wholly or predominantly attributable to— (i) serious and wilful misconduct on the part of the worker; or (ii) the influence of alcohol or a drug voluntarily consumed by the worker (other than a drug lawfully obtained and consumed in a reasonable quantity by the worker). (3) Subsection (2)(a) does not apply in a case of death or permanent total incapacity for work and subsection (2)(b) does not apply in the case of death or serious and permanent injury. 9—Evidentiary provision (1) Subject to this section, an injury is not compensable under this Act unless it is established on the balance of probabilities that it arises from employment. (2) Subsection (1) operates— (a) subject to the qualification that if a worker suffers an injury of a kind referred to in the first column of Schedule 2 and has been employed in work of a type referred to in the second column of Schedule 2 opposite the injury, the worker's injury is presumed, in the absence of proof to the contrary, to have arisen from employment; and (b) subject to Schedule 3. (3) If a worker retires or is retired from employment on account of age or ill‑health and the worker makes a claim for noise induced hearing loss after the expiration of 2 years from the date of the retirement, subsection (2)(a) does not apply in relation to that claim. (4) A regulation made on the recommendation, or with the approval, of the Corporation or the Advisory Committee may— (a) extend the operation of subsection (2)(a) to injuries and types of work prescribed in the regulation; (b) extend the operation of Schedule 3 to an injury and corresponding qualifying period prescribed in the regulation. Division 2—Connection with State 10—Territorial application of Act (1) This Act applies to a worker's employment if (and only if) that employment is connected with this State. (2) The fact that a worker is outside this State when an injury occurs does not prevent an entitlement to compensation arising under this Act in respect of employment that is connected with this State. (3) A worker's employment is connected with— (a) the State in which the worker usually works in that employment; or (b) if no State or no one State is identified by paragraph (a), the State in which the worker is usually based for the purposes of that employment; or (c) if no State or no one State is identified by paragraph (a) or (b), the State in which the employer's principal place of business in Australia is located. (4) In the case of a worker working on a ship, if no State or no one State is identified by subsection (3), a worker's employment is, while working on a ship, connected with the State in which the ship is registered or (if the ship is registered in more than 1 State) the State in which the ship most recently became registered. (5) If no State is identified by subsection (3) or (if applicable) (4), a worker's employment is connected with this State if— (a) a worker is in this State when the injury occurs; and (b) there is no place outside Australia under the legislation of which the worker may be entitled to compensation for the same matter. (6) In deciding whether a worker usually works in a State— (a) regard must be had to the worker's work history with the employer over the preceding 12 months and the intentions of the worker and employer; but (b) regard must not be had to any temporary arrangement under which the worker works in a State for a period of not longer than 6 months. (7) Subject to subsection (6), in determining whether a worker usually works in a State or is usually based in a State for the purposes of employment, regard must be had to any period during which a worker works in a State or is in a State for the purposes of employment whether or not under the statutory workers compensation scheme of that State the person is regarded as a worker or as working or employed in that State. (8) Compensation under this Act does not apply in respect of the employment of a worker on a ship if the Seafarers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 1992 of the Commonwealth applies to the worker's employment. (9) In this section— ship means any kind of vessel used in navigation by water, however propelled or moved, and includes— (a) a barge, lighter, or other floating vessel; and (b) an air-cushion vehicle, or other similar craft, used wholly or primarily in navigation by water; State includes a Territory and, in a geographical sense, a State's or Territory's relevant adjacent area as described in Schedule 4. 11—Determination of State with which worker's employment is connected in proceedings under this Act (1) If the question of whether this State is connected with a worker's employment arises in proceedings in the Tribunal or a court in relation to a claim for compensation under this Act, the Tribunal or court must— (a) determine the State with which the worker's employment is connected in accordance with section 10; and (b) cause that determination to be entered in its records. (2) The Tribunal must, in determining a question under subsection (1), be constituted of 1 or more presidential members and if the question arises in proceedings that are not before a presidential member (or presidential members) then the question is to be referred, on an interlocutory basis, to a presidential member of the Tribunal. (3) Subsection (1) does not apply if there is a determination that is to be recognised under section 12. 12—Recognition of previous determinations (1) If a determination of the State with which a worker's employment is connected has been made— (a) by the Tribunal or a court under section 11; or (b) by a designated court under a provision of a law that corresponds with section 11, or under another provision of a law prescribed by the regulations for the purposes of this provision; or (c) by a court of this State or another State in the course of proceedings that are relevant to the application of this Act or a corresponding law, or that relate to a claim for compensation or damages, the State so determined is to be recognised for the purposes of this Act as the State with which the worker's employment is connected. (2) This section does not prevent any appeal relating to any such determination and if the determination is altered on appeal, the altered determination is to be recognised under subsection (1). (3) In this section— designated court means— (a) the Supreme Court of a State in which a corresponding law is in force; or (b) a court, tribunal or other decision‑making body of a State in which a corresponding law is in force that is declared by the regulations to be a designated court for the purposes of this section; State includes a Territory. Division 3—Fundamental principles, rights and obligations 13—The Corporation (1) The Corporation, in acting under and for the purposes of this Act, must— (a) adopt a service‑orientated approach that is focused on early intervention and the interests of workers and employers; and (b) seek to act professionally and promptly in everything that it does; and (c) be responsible and accountable in its relationships with others; and (d) without limiting a preceding paragraph, take reasonable steps to comply with any request made by a worker under section 15(2). (2) The Corporation must, in connection with subsection (1), develop and maintain plans or strategies that are designed to establish practices and procedures under which the specific circumstances of an injured worker and his or her employer will be addressed and with the objective of— (a) ensuring early and timely intervention occurs to improve recovery and return to work outcomes including after retraining (if required); and (b) achieving timely, evidence based decision-making that is consistent with the requirements of this Act; and (c) wherever possible, providing a face to face service where there is a need for significant assistance, support or services; and (d) ensuring regular reviews are taken in relation to a worker's recovery and, where possible, return to work; and (e) ensuring the active management of all aspects of a worker's injury and any claim under this Act; and (f) encouraging an injured worker and his or her employer to participate actively in any recovery and return to work processes; and (g) minimising the risk of litigation. (3) The policies and principles set out in this section do not give rise to substantive rights or liabilities (compared to rights or liabilities established or prescribed under other relevant provisions of this Act). 14—Service standards The Corporation must adopt and apply the service standards set out in Schedule 5 (but these standards do not, in themselves, give rise to substantive rights or liabilities (compared to rights or liabilities established or prescribed under other relevant provisions of this Act)). 15—Workers (1) A worker who has suffered a work injury is entitled to expect— (a) early intervention by the Corporation in providing recovery and return to work services; and (b) the Corporation to actively manage the worker's injury and claim and to provide services in a manner consistent with the requirements of this Act; and (c) his or her employer to participate and cooperate in assisting the worker's recovery and return to work and to reasonably support the worker in receiving any benefit available under this Act. (2) A worker may reasonably request the Corporation to review the provision of any service to the worker under this Act or to investigate any circumstance where it appears that the worker's employer is not complying with any requirement of this Act as to the retention, employment or re‑employment of the worker. (3) A worker who has suffered a work injury must, in a manner consistent with the objects of this Act— (a) participate in all activities designed to enable the worker to recover and return to work as soon as is reasonably practicable; and (b) without limiting paragraph (a)— (i) participate and cooperate in the establishment of a recovery/return to work plan; and (ii) comply with obligations imposed on the worker by or under a recovery/return to work plan; and (c) ensure that the Corporation is provided with current medical certificates (in the designated form provided by recognised health practitioners) with respect to any incapacity for work for which weekly payments are being made to the worker under this Act so as to provide evidence to support the continuation of those payments; and (d) return to suitable employment when reasonably able to do so; and (e) take reasonable steps to mitigate any possible loss on account of the work injury. (4) Subsection (3)(a), (b) and (d) will not apply in relation to a seriously injured worker (who may decide the extent to which he or she will seek to participate in any processes designed to have the worker return to work). (5) This section does not give rise to substantive rights or liabilities (but nothing in this section detracts from rights or liabilities established or prescribed under other relevant provisions of this Act (including section 16)). 16—Worker's duty to give notice of injury (1) If a worker suffers a work injury, notice of that injury must be given— (a) to the employer by whom the worker is employed at the time of the occurrence of the injury; or (b) if the worker is not in employment or is self-employed—to the Corporation. (2) Notice of an injury should be given— (a) if practicable within 24 hours after the occurrence of the injury but, if that is not practicable, as soon as practicable after the occurrence of the injury; (b) if the worker is not, immediately after the occurrence of the injury, aware of the injury—as soon as practicable after the worker becomes so aware; (c) if the worker dies without having become so aware or before it is practicable to give such a notice—as soon as practicable after the worker's death. (3) Notice of an injury— (a) may be given orally or in writing; and (b) should specify to the best of the knowledge, information and belief of the person giving the notice— (i) the day on which the injury occurred; and (ii) the place at which the injury occurred; and (iii) the nature of the injury; and (iv) the cause of the injury. (4) For the purposes of this section, notice of an injury will be taken to have been given to an employer if— (a) it is given to— (i) the employer at any place of business of the employer; or (ii) any person under whose supervision the worker was employed at the time of the injury; or (iii) any person designated for the purpose by the worker's employer; or (b) it is given to the employer in the manner prescribed by the regulations. (5) A person by whom a notice under this section is given orally must, at the request of the person to whom the notice is given, complete a written statement in a form determined by the Corporation. (6) Subject to subsection (8), if an employer (not being a self-insured employer) receives notice of an injury given or purportedly given under this section the employer must, within 5 business days after the receipt of the notice, send a copy of the notice to the Corporation. Maximum penalty: $1 500. (7) If it appears from a notice under this section that the worker was not, at the date of the notice, in the employment of the employer from whose employment the injury arose, the Corporation must (where it is practicable to do so) send a copy of the notice to that employer. (8) The Corporation may, by notice in the Gazette— (a) exclude from the application of this section injuries of a class specified in the notice; (b) vary, in relation to cases of a specified class, the time at which an employer is required to report to the Corporation under this section. 17—Employers (1) An employer of a worker who has suffere