Antarctic Treaty (Environment Protection) Act 1980 (Cth)

Antarctic Treaty (Environment Protection) Act 1980 No. 103, 1980 Compilation No. 21 Compilation date: 14 October 2024 Includes amendments: Act No. 39, 2024 About this compilation This compilation This is a compilation of the Antarctic Treaty (Environment Protection) Act 1980 that shows the text of the law as amended and in force on 14 October 2024 (the compilation date). The notes at the end of this compilation (the endnotes) include information about amending laws and the amendment history of provisions of the compiled law. Uncommenced amendments The effect of uncommenced amendments is not shown in the text of the compiled law. Any uncommenced amendments affecting the law are accessible on the Register (www.legislation.gov.au). The details of amendments made up to, but not commenced at, the compilation date are underlined in the endnotes. For more information on any uncommenced amendments, see the Register for the compiled law. Application, saving and transitional provisions for provisions and amendments If the operation of a provision or amendment of the compiled law is affected by an application, saving or transitional provision that is not included in this compilation, details are included in the endnotes. Editorial changes For more information about any editorial changes made in this compilation, see the endnotes. Modifications If the compiled law is modified by another law, the compiled law operates as modified but the modification does not amend the text of the law. Accordingly, this compilation does not show the text of the compiled law as modified. For more information on any modifications, see the Register for the compiled law. Self‑repealing provisions If a provision of the compiled law has been repealed in accordance with a provision of the law, details are included in the endnotes. Contents Part 1—Preliminary 1 Short title 2 Commencement 3 Interpretation 4 Application of Act 5 Extension of Act to Territories 6 Crown to be bound 6A Application of the Criminal Code 6B Contravening offence and civil penalty provisions 7 Application of other laws 7A Necessity to act in accordance with basic environmental principles Part 2—Conservation of Antarctic fauna and flora 7C Specially protected species 8 Antarctic specially protected areas etc. 8A Historic sites and monuments 9 Grant and renewal of permit 9A Authorities under permits 10 Restrictions applicable to permits 11 Variation, suspension and revocation of permits 12 Variation and revocation of conditions Part 3—Environmental impact assessment 12A Interpretation 12B Object of Part 12C Part does not apply to certain activities 12D Preliminary assessment of likely impact of activity on Antarctic environment 12E Preliminary determination of likely impact of activity 12F Activity to proceed if impact negligible 12G Initial environmental evaluation 12H Determination of likely impact of activity based on initial environmental evaluation 12J Authorisation of activity likely to have minor etc. impact on environment 12K Comprehensive environmental evaluation 12L Authorisation of activity likely to have more than minor etc. impact on environment 12M Notice of authorisation 12N Variation, suspension and revocation of authorisation 12P Variation etc. of conditions 12PA Method of giving notice of variations etc. 12Q Monitoring of activities Part 4—Inspectors 13 Appointment of inspectors 14 Inspectors ex officio 15 Identity cards 16 Arrest without warrant 17 General powers of inspectors 18 Seizure Part 5—Offences relating to the environment etc. 19 Offences relating to the environment 19AA Offences relating to rocks and meteorites 19AB Offence relating to return of indigenous species 19AC Offence relating to the accidental introduction of micro‑organisms 19AD Offences relating to bringing food into the Antarctic 19AE Offence relating to destruction of organisms brought into Antarctic without a permit 19A Prohibition against mining in the Territory 19B Prohibition against mining in the Antarctic 19C Prosecution of offences 20 Contravening conditions of permits 21 Furnishing information 21AA Giving information about act done in emergency situation 21AB Giving further information about act done in emergency situation 21A Unauthorised activities Part 5A—Civil penalty provisions Division 1—Obtaining a civil penalty order 22 Civil penalty orders 22A Civil enforcement of penalty 22B Conduct contravening more than one civil penalty provision 22C Multiple contraventions 22D Proceedings may be heard together 22E Civil evidence and procedure rules for civil penalty orders 22F Contravening a civil penalty provision is not an offence Division 2—Civil proceedings and criminal proceedings 22G Civil proceedings after criminal proceedings 22H Criminal proceedings during civil proceedings 22J Criminal proceedings after civil proceedings 22K Evidence given in civil proceedings not admissible in criminal proceedings Division 3—Miscellaneous 22L Ancillary contravention of civil penalty provisions 22M Mistake of fact 22N State of mind Part 6—Miscellaneous 25 Officers and employees of governments and authorities 26 Programs etc. relating to the Antarctic 27 Delegation 28 Review of decisions 29 Regulations Schedule 1—Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals Schedule 2—English text of paragraphs 21, 31 and 36 of the report of the 1988 Meeting of the Representatives of the Contracting Parties to the Seals Convention Schedule 3—Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty Endnotes Endnote 1—About the endnotes Endnote 2—Abbreviation key Endnote 3—Legislation history Endnote 4—Amendment history An Act relating to the Antarctic and the protection and conservation of the environment of the Antarctic, and for related purposes WHEREAS Australia is a Party to the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals: AND WHEREAS it is desirable to make provision for giving effect to that Convention: AND WHEREAS Australia is a party to the Antarctic Treaty and the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty: AND WHEREAS it is desirable to make provision for giving effect to that Treaty and Protocol: AND WHEREAS it is desirable to make other provision relating to the protection of the environment in the Antarctic: BE IT THEREFORE ENACTED by the Queen, and the Senate and the House of Representatives of the Commonwealth of Australia, as follows: Part 1—Preliminary 1 Short title This Act may be cited as the Antarctic Treaty (Environment Protection) Act 1980. 2 Commencement (1) Subject to subsection (2), this Act shall come into operation on the day on which it receives the Royal Assent. (2) Sections 16 to 21 (inclusive) shall come into operation on the expiration of 6 months after the day on which this Act receives the Royal Assent. 3 Interpretation (1) In this Act, unless the contrary intention appears: aircraft means a machine or apparatus that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air or from buoyancy, but does not include a hovercraft. animal includes: (a) a native bird, a native invertebrate and a native seal; and (b) an egg, part of an egg and an eggshell; and (c) a dead animal and part of a dead animal (but not something manufactured from a dead animal or from part of a dead animal). another Contracting Party means a Contracting Party to the Treaty other than Australia. Antarctic means the area south of 60° south latitude, including all ice shelves in the area. Antarctic specially managed area means an area declared to be an Antarctic specially managed area under section 8. Antarctic specially protected area means an area declared to be an Antarctic specially protected area under section 8. article includes a substance or a mixture of substances. Australia includes all the Territories. Australian expedition means an expedition organized by one or more of any of the following: (a) an Australian organization; (b) an Australian citizen; (c) a person resident or domiciled in Australia. Australian national means: (a) an Australian citizen; and (b) a body corporate that is incorporated in Australia or carries on its activities mainly in Australia. Australian organization means: (a) a corporation that is incorporated in Australia or whose activities are carried on principally in Australia; or (b) an unincorporated body or association the majority of whose members are Australian citizens or domiciled in Australia. Australian property means property that: (a) in the case of an aircraft or vessel—is in Australian control or is registered under regulations made under the Civil Aviation Act 1988 or, as the case may be, registered in Australia under an Act or Imperial Act relating to the registration of ships that is applicable throughout the whole of Australia (not being an Act or Imperial Act relating to the registration of ships for a particular purpose or purposes only); or (b) in any other case—is in Australian control. basic environmental principles means the environmental principles set out in Article 3 of the Madrid Protocol. CAMLR Convention means the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, a copy of the English text of which is set out in the Schedule to the Antarctic Marine Living Resources Conservation Act 1981. CEMP site means a monitoring site: (a) established for the purposes of the Ecosystem Monitoring Program conducted by the Parties to the CAMLR Convention; and (b) the management plan for which has been adopted by the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources in accordance with Conservation Measure 18/IX adopted by the Commission, which became binding on Australia on 7 May 1991. civil penalty order has the meaning given by subsection 22(4). civil penalty provision: a provision of this Act is a civil penalty provision if: (a) the provision sets out at its foot a pecuniary penalty, or penalties, indicated by the words "Civil penalty"; and (b) the provision is a subsection, or a section that is not divided into subsections. collect, in relation to a native plant, includes severing, or applying any substance harmful to, the plant. contravention, in relation to a provision, includes a failure to comply with that provision. corresponding law means a law of another Contracting Party, as in force for the time being, giving effect to the Treaty or the Madrid Protocol. Court means: (a) the Federal Court of Australia; or (b) the Federal Circuit and Family Court of Australia (Division 2); or (c) the Supreme Court of a State or Territory; or (d) a District, County or Local Court of a State or Territory; or (e) a Magistrates Court of a State or Territory. disturb an animal means cause a change in the animal's behaviour otherwise than by physical contact with the animal. drive, in relation to an aircraft, means to cause the aircraft to travel on land or water. evidential burden, in relation to a matter, means the burden of adducing or pointing to evidence that suggests a reasonable possibility that the matter exists or does not exist. foreign means of or pertaining to a country other than Australia. historic monument means a monument declared to be an historic monument under section 8A. historic site means a site declared to be an historic site under section 8A. ice includes snow. in Australian control means in the control or possession of one or more of any of the following: (a) the Commonwealth (including an arm of the Defence Force) or a State or Territory; (b) a corporation established for a public purpose by or under a law of the Commonwealth or of a State or Territory; (c) a company or other body corporate incorporated under a law of a State or Territory, being a company or other body corporate in which the Commonwealth has a controlling interest; (d) a person who, or persons each of whom, is a person to whom this Act applies by virtue of paragraph 4(1)(b). indigenous to the Antarctic includes occurring in the Antarctic through natural agencies of dispersal. inspector means: (a) a person appointed as an inspector under section 13; or (b) a person referred to in section 14. interfere has a meaning affected by subsection (7). land: (a) when used as a verb in relation to an aircraft, includes to cause the aircraft to alight on water; and (b) when used as a noun, includes ice. Madrid Protocol means the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, a copy of the English text of which (apart from Annex IV to it) is set out in Schedule 3, being the Protocol done, and opened for signature, at Madrid on 4 October 1991 to which, in accordance with Recommendation XVI‑10 adopted by the XVIth Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting at Bonn on 18 October 1991, the Annex attached to that Recommendation has been added as Annex V to the Protocol. mineral means any non‑living, non‑renewable natural resource. mining activity means an activity carried on for, or in connection with, the recovery or exploitation of minerals (including prospecting and exploring for minerals), but does not include an activity that is necessary for scientific investigation or scientific research within the meaning of the Treaty. native bird means: (a) a member, at any stage of its life cycle (including an egg, part of an egg and an eggshell), of any species of bird that is indigenous to the Antarctic; or (b) a dead bird, or any part of a dead bird, of any species referred to in paragraph (a). native invertebrate means any terrestrial or fresh water invertebrate, at any stage of its life cycle, indigenous to the Antarctic. native plant means any kind of vegetation, at any stage of its life cycle (including seeds), indigenous to the Antarctic. native seal means: (a) a member, at any stage of its life cycle, of any species of seal that is indigenous to the Antarctic; or (b) a dead seal, or any part of a dead seal, of a species mentioned in paragraph (a). organism includes: (a) a living organism at any stage of its life cycle; and (b) an organism that was once alive, but is now dead; and (c) a reproductive propagule of a living organism; and (d) an article containing or infected by a virus or bacterium. permit means a permit in force under Part 2 of this Act. plant includes a native plant. property means property of any description and, without limiting the generality of the foregoing, includes aircraft and vessels. recognised foreign authority means a permit, authority or arrangement that: (a) authorises the carrying on of an activity in the Antarctic; and (b) either: (i) has been issued, given or made by a Party (other than Australia) to the Madrid Protocol that has accepted under that Protocol the same obligations as Australia in relation to the carrying on of that activity in the Antarctic; or (ii) has been issued, given or made by a Party (other than Australia) to the Seals Convention that has accepted under that Convention the same obligations as Australia in relation to the carrying on of that activity in the Antarctic. Seals Convention means the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (a copy of the English text of which is set out in Schedule 1) as affected by the amendments to the Annex to the Convention that: (a) were recommended by the representatives of the Contracting Parties to the Convention at their 1988 Meeting to Review the Operation of the Convention; and (b) were included in paragraphs 21, 31 and 36 of their Report of that meeting, a copy of the English text of which is set out in Schedule 2; and (c) became effective on 27 March 1990. specially protected species means a specially protected species of native seal, native bird, native invertebrate or native plant declared under section 7C. take: (a) in relation to a native bird or native seal—includes catch or capture; and (b) in relation to native plants—means to remove or damage such quantities of the plants that their local distribution or abundance would be significantly affected; and (c) in relation to native invertebrates—means to remove or damage such quantities of the invertebrates that their local distribution or abundance would be significantly affected. Territory means the Australian Antarctic Territory. this Act includes the regulations. Treaty means the Antarctic Treaty set out in the Schedule to the Antarctic Treaty Act 1960, including any modification or amendment of that Treaty made after the commencement of this section and for the time being in force as to Australia. vehicle includes a hovercraft. vessel means a vessel or boat of any description and includes any floating structure, but does not include a hovercraft. (3) A reference in this Act to an offence shall be read as including a reference to an offence against section 6 of the Crimes Act 1914, or against section 11.1, 11.4 or 11.5 of the Criminal Code, in relation to this Act. (4) A reference in this Act to a member of the Australian Federal Police or to a member of a police force shall be read as including a reference to a special member of the Australian Federal Police. (5) Except so far as the contrary intention appears, an expression that is used in both this Act and either the Treaty or the Madrid Protocol (whether or not a particular meaning is assigned to it by the Treaty or the Protocol) has, in this Act, the same meaning as in the Treaty or the Protocol, as the case may be. (6) Except so far as the contrary intention appears, an expression that is used in both this Act and in the Seals Convention (whether or not a particular meaning is assigned to it by that Convention) has, in this Act, the same meaning as in the Convention. (7) A reference in this Act to otherwise interfering with, or causing other interference with, an animal does not include a reference to disturbing the animal. Note: Disturb is defined in subsection (1). 4 Application of Act (1) Subject to subsection 4(1) of the Antarctic Treaty Act 1960: (a) this Act applies in the Territory in relation to any persons and property, including foreign persons and property; and (b) this Act applies outside Australia in relation to: (i) Australian citizens; (ii) Australian expeditions and members of Australian expeditions; (iii) Australian organizations; (iv) members of the crew (including persons in charge) of aircraft, vessels or vehicles that are Australian property; and (v) Australian property. (2) This Act has effect subject to: (a) the obligations of Australia under international law, including obligations under any international agreement binding on Australia; and (b) any law of the Commonwealth giving effect to such an agreement. 5 Extension of Act to Territories This Act extends to every external Territory. 6 Crown to be bound (1) This Act binds the Crown in each of its capacities. (2) This Act does not make the Crown liable to a pecuniary penalty or to be prosecuted for an offence. 6A Application of the Criminal Code Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code applies to all offences against this Act. Note: Chapter 2 of the Criminal Code sets out the general principles of criminal responsibility. 6B Contravening offence and civil penalty provisions (1) This section applies if a provision of this Act declares that a person contravening another provision of this Act (the conduct rule provision): (a) commits an offence; or (b) is liable for a civil penalty. (2) For the purposes of this Act, the person is taken to contravene the offence or the civil penalty provision (as the case requires) if the person contravenes the conduct rule provision. 7 Application of other laws (1) Notwithstanding any other law, but subject to the regulations, no action or proceeding lies against any person for or in relation to anything done by that person to the extent that it is authorized by a permit or by a recognised foreign authority. (2) Where a provision of Division 4 of Part 15 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 is inconsistent with a provision of this Act, then, except as otherwise specifically provided by a provision of that or any other Act coming into operation after the commencement of this Act, the latter prevails, and the former has, to the extent of the inconsistency, no effect, but, subject to subsection (1), provisions shall not be taken for the purposes of this subsection to be inconsistent to the extent that they are capable of operating concurrently. (3) Subject to paragraph 4(2)(b), where regulations made for the purposes of section 356 of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 are inconsistent with regulations made under this Act, the latter prevail, and the former have, to the extent of the inconsistency, no effect, but, subject to subsection (1), regulations shall not be taken for the purposes of this subsection to be inconsistent to the extent that they are capable of operating concurrently. (4) A provision of the regulations regulating or prohibiting the flying of aircraft over a specified area of the Antarctic does not have any force or effect to the extent to which it is inconsistent with a law of the Commonwealth or a corresponding law, but such a provision shall not be taken for the purposes of this subsection to be inconsistent with such a law to the extent that it is capable of operating concurrently with that law. (5) A law of the Territory has effect to the extent to which it is not inconsistent with a provision of the regulations, but such a law shall not be taken for the purposes of this subsection to be inconsistent with such a provision to the extent that it is capable of operating concurrently with that provision. (6) In this section, this Act does not include the regulations. 7A Necessity to act in accordance with basic environmental principles In exercising powers and performing duties under this Act, the Minister must act in a manner that is consistent with the basic environmental principles. Part 2—Conservation of Antarctic fauna and flora 7C Specially protected species (1) Subject to subsection (2), if a species of native seal, native bird, native invertebrate or native plant is specified in Annex II to the Madrid Protocol for the purpose of designation as a specially protected species, the Minister may, by notice in the Gazette, declare that species to be a specially protected species. (2) If a species of native seal or native bird was, immediately before the commencement of this section, a specially protected species because of a declaration under subsection 8(7) as then in force, that declaration has effect, for the purposes of this Act, as if it were a declaration made under subsection (1) on the commencement of this section. (3) The Minister may, by notice published in the Gazette, vary or revoke a declaration made under subsection (1) or referred to in subsection (2). 8 Antarctic specially protected areas etc. (1) In this section: area means: (a) an area of land or sea within the Antarctic; or (b) an area of any such land and any such sea. (2) Subject to subsection (4), the Governor‑General may: (a) by Proclamation, declare an area specified in the Proclamation to be an Antarctic specially protected area; and (b) by the same or by another Proclamation, declare an area specified in the Proclamation to be an Antarctic specially managed area. (3) An area may not be declared to be an Antarctic specially protected area or an Antarctic specially managed area unless the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties have adopted a management plan in respect of the area under Article 6 of Annex V to the Madrid Protocol. (4) If an area is declared by Proclamation under subsection (2) to be an Antarctic specially protected area or an Antarctic specially managed area: (a) the subsoil beneath any land within the area, extending to the depth below the surface that is specified in the Proclamation; and (b) the waters and sea‑bed beneath any ice shelf or sea within the area; and (c) the subsoil beneath any such sea‑bed, extending to the depth below the sea‑bed that is specified in the Proclamation; is taken to be within the Antarctic specially protected area or the Antarctic specially managed area. (5) An area that was, immediately before the commencement of this section, a specially protected area or a site of special scientific interest is taken, for the purposes of this Act, to have been declared to be an Antarctic specially protected area by a Proclamation made under subsection (2) on the commencement of this section. (6) The Governor‑General may, by Proclamation: (a) vary the boundaries of an Antarctic specially protected area or Antarctic specially managed area in accordance with an amendment of the management plan adopted by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties; or (b) revoke a declaration made, or taken to have been made, under subsection (2) if the management plan in respect of the area to which the declaration relates is revoked. 8A Historic sites and monuments (1) Subject to subsection (2), the Governor‑General may, by Proclamation, declare a site or monument specified in the Proclamation to be an historic site or an historic monument. (2) A site or a monument may not be declared to be an historic site or an historic monument unless the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties have approved the listing of the site or monument as an historic site or an historic monument under Article 8 of Annex V to the Madrid Protocol. (3) The Governor‑General may, by Proclamation, vary or revoke a Proclamation made under subsection (1) in respect of a site or monument if the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Parties have amended or revoked the listing of the site or monument as an historic site or historic monument. 9 Grant and renewal of permit (1) On application to the Minister in the prescribed form (or, if no form is prescribed, in a form approved by the Minister), the Minister may grant a person a permit in writing authorising the person, and any other person named in the permit, to carry on, during a specified period, one or more of the activities specified in the permit. (1AA) The activities that may be authorised by a permit are the following: (a) an activity that has a result mentioned in paragraph 19(1A)(b); (b) an activity mentioned in paragraph 19(1)(b); (c) an activity mentioned in paragraph 19(1)(c); (d) an activity mentioned in paragraph 19(1)(d); (e) an activity mentioned in subsection 19(2) (other than paragraph (g)); (f) an activity mentioned in paragraphs 19AA(1)(a) and (b); (g) an activity mentioned in paragraph 19AA(2)(a), if the rock or meteorite is to be gathered or collected in the Antarctic; (h) an activity mentioned in paragraph 19AB(a), if the seal, bird or plant is a native seal, native bird or native plant. (1AB) Subsection (1) is subject to this section and to section 10. (1AC) The Minister may grant a permit under subsection (1) subject to such conditions as the Minister thinks fit. (1A) The permit must specify the area in which the activity is to be carried on. (2) In deciding whether to grant a permit, and in determining the conditions and limitations to which a permit is to be subject, the Minister must have regard to: (a) the purposes and principles of the Madrid Protocol; and (b) if the decision could affect a seal in seas to which the Seals Convention applies—the purposes and principles of the Seals Convention. (2A) The Minister may not grant a permit authorising an activity to which Part 3 applies unless the Minister has, under that Part, authorised the proponent of the activity (within the meaning of that Part) to carry on the activity. (2B) The Minister may not grant a permit authorising a person to carry on an activity in a CEMP site unless a permit authorising the person to enter the site has been granted: (a) under regulations made under the Antarctic Marine Living Resources Conservation Act 1981; or (b) by another Contracting Party to the CAMLR Convention. (3) An application made under subsection (1) by an expedition or organization shall specify: (a) in the case of an expedition—every member of the expedition; or (b) in the case of an organization—every person authorized by the organization to act on its behalf; and the permit may be expressed to apply to all those members or persons or to such of them as are specified in the permit. (4) Where, subsequent to the grant of a permit to an organization, the persons authorized to act on behalf of the organization include a person or persons not referred to in subsection (3), the organization shall forthwith inform the Minister accordingly, and the Minister may, by notice in writing to the organization, extend or refuse to extend the application of the permit to that person or those persons. (5) The Minister shall cause to be kept, in such manner and at such place as he or she directs, a register of permits in force from time to time, showing the purpose for which and the conditions upon which each permit was granted and such other matters relating to each permit as the Minister thinks fit. (7) In this section, grant includes grant by way of renewal. 9A Authorities under permits (1) A person who is a principal under a permit (see subsection (6)) may authorise, as necessary, other persons to accompany one or more of the principals under that permit in carrying on activities authorised by the permit. (2) A principal must not authorise a person under subsection (1) unless: (a) the permit contains a condition allowing principals to do so; and (b) the authorisation is given in accordance with any requirements set out in that condition and any other conditions contained in the permit. (3) A person authorised to accompany principals under a permit must comply with the conditions of the permit. (4) Subject to subsection (3), a permit is, for the purposes of this Act, taken to authorise the carrying on by a person authorised under subsection (1) of any activity specified in the permit. (5) The authorisation of a person under subsection (1) does not prevent a principal under that permit from carrying on any activities. (6) In this section: principal, under a permit, means a person: (a) to whom the permit was granted under subsection 9(1); or (b) who is named in the permit. 10 Restrictions applicable to permits Permits for taking etc. native birds and native seals (1) A permit shall not authorize a person to kill, take, injure or otherwise interfere with a native bird or native seal unless: (a) the Minister is satisfied that: (i) the number of birds or seals of any species that may be killed or taken from local populations in that year by virtue of that permit and all other permits granted under section 9 and by virtue of corresponding laws will be replaced in the immediately succeeding breeding season by natural reproduction; and (ii) the variety of species, the habitats essential to their existence and the balance of the natural ecological systems existing within the Antarctic will be maintained; and (b) the permit is so expressed as to ensure, as far as possible, that the activities authorized by the permit will be carried on to the extent only that they are necessary for: (i) if the permit relates to native birds—the construction and operation of scientific support facilities; or (ii) if the permit relates to native birds or native seals—providing specimens for scientific research, public education (including display in museums or other educational institutions) or such other educational purposes as the Minister thinks fit; or (iia) if the permit relates to native birds or native seals—providing specimens for zoological gardens in cases where such specimens cannot be obtained from existing captive collections elsewhere or where there is a compelling conservation need; or (iii) if the permit relates to native birds—monitoring or conserving the environment or an historic site or monument; or (iv) if the permit relates to native birds—providing for unavoidable consequences of scientific activities not authorised under subparagraph (ii) or (iia); and (c) in the case of a permit relating to a specially protected species: (i) the permit is granted for a compelling scientific purpose; and (ii) the Minister is satisfied that the activities authorized by the permit will not jeopardize the existing ecological system or the survival or recovery of that species or of the local population of that species; and (iii) if the permit is to kill a native bird or native seal of that species—there is no suitable alternative technique to achieve the purpose f